New Year's Day : 1 January

Some foods are seen as lucky to eat at New Year. The foods, though, vary by culture:

• Austria: pork
• Brazil: lentils
• Denmark: boiled cod
• Dutch: doughnuts (Olie Bollen)
• Southern US: black-eyed peas
• Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela: 12 grapes at midnight, one for each of the upcoming months
• Pennsylvania: sauerkraut

Most North Americans, in both Canada and in America, watch the celebrations in Times Square, New York on television.

New Year in Japan

In Japan, New Year is called either "Shogatsu" or "Genjitsu", and celebrated on 1 January, as it is in the West, though the big celebrations are held on New Year's Day, not the evening before. In fact, many people go to bed early on the 31st December, so they can wake before sunrise on 1 January.

Before New Year, houses in Japan must be completely cleaned, and people send New Year's greeting cards (though many now send E-Cards instead.)

Traditional clothing is worn on New Year's Morning. Buddhist Temples toll their bells 108 times. New Year's food is called "osechi-ryori." You can make it yourself, or place orders with restaurants or stores to have it all delivered on New Year's morning. Soba noodles, ozoni and mochi are served for luck. Every year, some people die in Japan from having the mochi (sticky rice cakes) choke them to death.

The celebrations go on until 3 January, with lots of visiting.
In many older calendars, the start of a new year was actually celebrated in spring, tying it into the rythmns of the earth. If you think about it, 1 January is purely arbitrary and not really connected to anything, but it was the Romans who gave us that date.

The Romans at first observed New Year in spring. The Roman calendar got out of whack, both because time was being lost, and because of political tampering over time. In 153 BC, the Roman Senate approved a re-ordering of the calendar, fixing 1 January as the New Year. That date was reinforced with the Julian calendar passed in 46 BC.

During the Middle Ages, the concept of New Year's Day was moved back to the spring by the Church, and fixed on 25th March, Lady Day -- the annunciation, when the Angel Gabriel told Mary she was with child. This made it 9 months (39 weeks and 2 days to be precise) until 25 December, Christmas Day. Still, the Church was remained opposed to any New Year's celebrations until around 1600 AD.

Lady Day became the first of the quarter days in a year (marking the 4 quarters of the year), and thus was the fiscal beginning of the year. That's why around that time of year many income taxes are still due, many government fiscal years end, etc.

Eventually, though, everyone just found it easier eventually to count the New Year as starting from the start of the calendar year, 1st January. Many in England and Wales had already been celebrating the 1st of January as part of the Yule celebrations, and the trend accelerated after the calendar change of 1752.

In California, the New Year's Tournament of Roses Parade was first held in 1886.

The ball-dropping in Times Square, New York, started in 1908.

New Year used to be a time of very heavy drinking, before tough drunk driving laws came into effect.

Most people commonly say "Happy New Year's!" when in fact what they mean is "Happy New Year!" There is no reason for "Year's" to be possessive.

The correct expression in English is either Happy New Year, Happy New Year's Eve or Happy New Year's Day -- but not Happy New Year's.

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